My mac pro could not boot after I installed Ubuntu. The fix:
Press Shift + Ctrl + Alt and the power button for 10 seconds. Then press the power button again.
If Windows is also installed by BootCamp, the Windows boot loader needs to be fixed:
https://askubuntu.com/questions/650194/repair-windows-boot-loader-after-installing-ubuntu-on-macbook-pro
Fortunately, the solution is fairly straightforward, albeit non-intuitive:
Boot to Ubuntu. (You can also do this from OS X, but you'd need to install gdisk and use a different disk device filename.)
Open a Terminal window.
Type sudo gdisk /dev/sda. After you're prompted for your password, gdisk should launch and tell you, among other things, MBR: hybrid.
Type p to view the partition table. Assuming you know enough about your partitions, you should be able to verify that you're looking at the right disk. If not, type q to quit and try another disk device.
Type x to enter the experts' menu.
Type n to create a fresh protective MBR to replace your existing hybrid MBR.
Type p again to verify that your partitions are all still in place. This is just a precaution to ensure you didn't accidentally hit the wrong key.
Type w to save your partition table. You'll be asked to verify this action. Do so.
Another important fix is to run: boot-repair by logging into Ubuntu (using a USB if the installed version is broken). After running the fix, I have to use the GRUB menu to start the windows, not the original Alt + Power and select Windows way.
How to reinstall Ubuntu without deleting /home/liangzou files?
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The following procedures are used to fix the issue of "Ubuntu cannot boot after power outage. Black screen after grub screen issue."
YOU MAY NEED TO DO THE FOLLOWING INSTALLATION TWICE!! After the first installation, there may still be Load Kernel Errors.
You can click on "Something Else" and then manually reinstall it. Choose the same paritions for the same mounts you had before such as /home and root (/) and just make sure the format checkbox is NOT checked. It will reinstall overtop of everything (overwrite) but won't delete anything. Of course as always, you should backup your /home folder before, just in case
After Ubuntu was installed successfully, run the following steps to fix Windows boot:
Boot to Ubuntu. (You can also do this from OS X, but you'd need to install gdisk and use a different disk device filename.)
Open a Terminal window.
Type sudo gdisk /dev/sda. After you're prompted for your password, gdisk should launch and tell you, among other things, MBR: hybrid.
Type p to view the partition table. Assuming you know enough about your partitions, you should be able to verify that you're looking at the right disk. If not, type q to quit and try another disk device.
Type x to enter the experts' menu.
Type n to create a fresh protective MBR to replace your existing hybrid MBR.
Type p again to verify that your partitions are all still in place. This is just a precaution to ensure you didn't accidentally hit the wrong key.
Type w to save your partition table. You'll be asked to verify this action. Do so.
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